Yemen's Food Security Under Threat
At least five merchant vessels carrying food are stuck off Yemen, shipping data showed on Wednesday, as warships from a Saudi-led coalition search them for weapons bound for Iran-allied Houthi rebel forces, with delays adding to a humanitarian crisis.
Yemen imports more than 90 percent of its food, including most of its wheat and all its rice, to feed a population of 25 million.
Much of its needs had been serviced by foreign ships, although shipping lines have now reduced or stopped port calls.
Ship tracking data showed at least five cargo ships were anchored off Yemen unable to enter Yemeni waters.
"Disruption of navigation in Yemen's territorial waters will adversely affect food security," U.N. humanitarian agency OCHA said. "Even before the current escalation in conflict, almost half of all people in Yemen were short of food."
Saudi Arabia and Arab allies have launched air strikes against Houthi rebels, who have taken most of the country and forced President Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi to flee to Riyadh.
The coalition has deployed naval vessels to intercept ships carrying arms to the rebels, although merchant ships are meant to have free passage once they are inspected. Nonetheless, this has already meant delays for food deliveries by sea.
"It is more difficult now to find ship owners willing to provide vessels and you face your shipment being held up for an unknown amount of time by warships before even bringing it into Yemen," one international food trader said.
A cargo vessel, the Lycavitos, carrying 47,250 tons of wheat, waited outside Yemeni waters for nearly a week before Egypt's navy on Tuesday cleared it to sail to al-Saleef port, the ship owner's agent said.
"Even after clearance was given, as the vessel approached Yemeni waters it was approached by another coalition warship asking what it was doing in the area before the captain clarified it had clearance to enter," Helikon Shipping Enterprises Ltd said.
"We now expect another six to seven days berthing delay prior to discharge commencing at Saleef. Owners will be monitoring daily the Saleef port situation regarding safety and security and can invoke rights under the charter party to refuse entry to Saleef if the port becomes unsafe."
Saleef is close to the bigger Red Sea port of Hodaida, which is controlled by Houthis.
The impact of the delays is likely to add to growing logistical problems with the delivery of food.
The U.N. Food and Agriculture Organisation warned on Wednesday that with a rapid escalation of the conflict "the food security situation is expected to deteriorate significantly", with food reserves shrinking.
Saudi Arabia's ambassador to Washington, Adel al-Jubeir, said the Arab military coalition is "committed to facilitating and supporting" humanitarian relief but will inspect ingoing and outgoing vessels for banned cargo.
"We have to ascertain that any ships do not contain weapons," al-Jubeir told a Washington news conference.
The Hayel Saeed Anam Group, which owns the Yemen Company for Flour Mills and Silos, said it had allocated flour from its mills in Hodaida especially for Aden - the scene of heavy fighting - because of "severe suffering" there.
The company called on all sides not to attack trucks carrying in the flour.
SHIP DIVERTED
In another example of the difficulties, a container ship, the Andre Rickmers, was initially unable to discharge at Hodaida for safety reasons, but then it was stopped because coalition naval forces were not allowing entry to Yemeni ports, the vessel's owner said.
The vessel drifted outside Yemeni waters for a few days before being ordered back to the port of Jeddah, a spokeswoman for owner Rickmers Group said.
Yemen's Foreign Minister Reyad Yassin Abdulla told Reuters on Tuesday: "All ships should have permission from the coalition forces before entering Yemeni waters.
"They should be searched. There is a ban for military things to go into Yemen. The zone is to protect Yemen and Yemenis from Iran delivering weapons to the Houthis and (ex-president) Ali Abdullah Saleh's forces. Any other civilian things are allowed in."
Shipping associations said the maritime zones had not been clearly defined and they were seeking clarity.
"All vessels are advised to transit the Gulf of Aden and Red Sea outside Yemeni territorial waters, 12 nautical miles, where possible," the world's largest shipping association, BIMCO, said.
On Tuesday, the U.N. Security Council imposed an arms embargo targeting Houthis.
"The combination of the Yemeni and U.N. measures gives the Saudi coalition warships much better legal standing to stop ships, and shields their actions from being interpreted as an act of unilateral aggression," said Michael Frodl, of U.S. based consultancy C-Level Global Risks.
P&I CLUB GUIDANCE
UK P&I Club Members are advised to contact the Club if they anticipate issues arising from contractual obligations on proceeding to Yemen. The following guidance addresses the key issues Members may face.
• Owner refusal to go to a port in Yemen: An owner may be able to refuse a charterer’s order to go to a port in Yemen but this will depend on the terms of the relevant charter party and the terms of any war risk clause.
• Discharging cargo at a port other than a named Yemeni port: If a named discharge port is closed, then the terms of the governing BoL and any charter party should be closely examined as the ship may have liberty to discharge cargo at an alternative safe port. If the named discharge port is open, an owner may have contractual obligations to a third party receiver to deliver cargo there, failure to do so may leave the owner liable for a potential deviation claim or a claim for transhipment expenses under any BoL relating to the voyage.
• Fighting nearby and the port is open: If the port is open but there is fighting nearby this could pose danger to the ship and the terms of any BoL should be reviewed. If the bill contains a liberty clause or incorporates a war risks clause that allows Members to refuse to discharge cargo at a port exposed to a war risk, the owner may have the option to discharge cargo at an alternative port. Where a war risk clause or a liberty clause is not incorporated into the BoL or if the clauses are limited, refusal to discharge at a named port could lead to claims for mis-delivery,
• Deviating to another port: Members should consider the liberty clause and/or war risks clause to determine if proceeding to another port is allowed. If the BoL terms incorporate a broad liberty clause or un-amended war risk clause, the act of going to a different port may not be considered a deviation when proceeding to the discharge port may expose the owner to war risks, and additional cover may not be necessary.
• Told to avoid a port in Yemen: Depending on the terms of the relevant charter party, a charterer may be able to order a ship to an alternative discharge port, to avoid potential liabilities for which the charterer may be required to indemnify the owner. If the charterer is not the BoL holder, this may pose problems for the owner who may have an obligation to deliver the cargo to the destination named in the BoL. In such circumstances, the owner would be advised to require an indemnity from the charterer in respect of the consequences of such a deviation in compliance with the charterer’s orders.